I think there must be a big difference in things like Balaclavas, etc depending on the gear you use.
I haven't needed a balaclava or variation of a scarf for at least the last 8 years. My helmets since then have had a chin screen on the bottom that stops drafts coming up so my head is toasty warm in the coldest weather (helmets are made of a few inches of foam. There is no way your head should be getting cold thought the helmet.)
My cold weather riding gear from around 10°c down to freezing for rides of only and hour or two (ie commuting) is whatever my normal street clothes is for my destination (for work it's my suit dress pants and a cotton shirt with my dress suit jacket in my top case.) My "Warm n Safe" heated jacket goes over that as does a Fleece lined Soft Shell. My Roadcrafter R3 one piece riding suit goes over that and Heated gloves (from "Warm N Safe") keep the hands warm. The Heated jacket and soft shell as well as the Roadcrafter have decent collars that stop any draft (or rain, sleet, snow or ice) from getting to my neck
Below 0°c I add some fleece pants over my street pants and under the Roadcrafter, Down below about -5 to -8 I add another soft shell that that has worked for me easily down to -18°c, 0°f.
I don't bother with any of the "base layers" that skiers, etc. use. I find them useless as when I stop and have a coffee I get way too hot in them. I might have a T-shirt under my normal street clothes, but that really relates to waht I need to wear when I get off the bike.
Kind of bike makes a huge difference as my V-Strom blocks a reasonable amount of air from my body (nothing like a Goldwing though!) and the handguards do a great job of keeping the wind blast from my hands.
All in all I am quite comfortable ( I HATE being cold!) and can focus on riding not on keeping warm.
..Tom