I don't think so. All fuel regardless of octane rating ignites a few degrees prior to the piston reaching Top dead center when the spark plug fires as determined by the ignition timing. If the fuel ignites prior to the spark plug firing, you have a problem. When a gas is compressed, as it is in an engine, it gets hotter. In a high compression it could get hot enought to pre-ignite. Octane raises the tempurature of when the fuel will burn therefore preventing pre-ignition. That is its only purpose.
If your engine only requires regular gas, but it runs smoother on premium, perhaps the engine has built up carbon deposits on the pistons or the combustion chamber raising the compression. Or worse, a carbon hot spot which acts like a glow plug in a diesel causing detonation. (very bad) This is only likely in an engine with a oil burning problem or an overly rich fuel ratio. Modern engines are pretty well built these days, so that extra smoothness from premium may just be imaginary.
Some have mentioned that premium gives better mileage. Thats possible with premium fuel which doesn't contain alcohol. Alcohol create less energy than gasoline when it burns and so it produces less horsepower. How measureable this would be I don't know.
Ahh...so ignition retardation is not a thing then? It is by the way.