To add some data to this mess:
I rode nearly 22,000 km on a 2010 GSXR 600 around North America this past summer. I filled with the top octane fuel each time (mostly 91 in the USA, though sometimes I found 93, etc, generally never any higher) and I never filled with the 85 stuff in Colorado, as my bike's manual says to use minimum 87.
I, with a tailbag and a backpack causing drag on my kit, was consistently able to get 300 kms out of a tank before I urgently needed to fill up, and I estimate if I ran to absolutely dry, I could have gotten at most 325 km out of each tank. I fuelled up at Exxons, Valeros, Shells, Huskys, any big-name gasoline station, and avoided the smaller ones due to my lack of knowledge of their consistency practises. Wherever I filled up, I got about the same mileage. Altitude did not seem to make much of a difference, though admittedly I didn't perform maximum scientific dilligence up in the mountains, and downshifting to lower gears to take sexy turns and twisties would have obviously affected things.
I did run California Highway 36 (140 miles from end to end), and I do remember getting to the eastern end of CA-36 with just over 300 kms on the odo and my fuel warning light on solid. I was worried I'd have to use the spare tank I brought with me, but ended up finding a gas station just in time. I figure I was very close to being actually empty. I did most of CA-36 in a "vigorous manner" in 2nd and 3rd gear, with some stretches near the eastern area in 6th as it was straight and visible.
There was a post about controlled conditions and skepticism when it comes to fuel mileage reports, and I always favor scientific analyses whenever possible. This is the best I could do. I monitored fuel mileage and usage and fillups very carefully, to the best of my ability. I have not performed a test on 87 octane fuel yet, and since returning I do fill up on 91 consistently.
Take my data as you will. I am not making any claims either way to support or reject the hypothesis of octane ratings and performance or mileage, I am only providing to you what data I know I observed.