Exhaust system is a wild goose chase. Won't affect starting.
Valve clearances. When's the last time they've been checked?
I asked my friend and it sounds like he did check valve clearance not too long ago (assuming we're not counting when the bike was just sitting in storage).
Agree on the exhaust, we were just trying to help OP identify what it was as a sidebar.
As for the valves, could that be the cause if It starts consistently when jumped by the car?
OP, yes a regular voltage or multi-meter is all you need to test.
Great, that will make things a lot easier. The service manual mentions all kinds of devices such as pocket meters, multi-circuit meters, peak voltage adapters, etc, so it was getting a little overwhelming. I will try this out once I get a multi-meter.
Compression testers are relatively generic other then the size of the spark plug hole they need to fit into. There's not much to it, you bung the pressure gauge into a spark plug hole and spin the engine over, the gauge displays 160psi or whatever your engine should output, if you get low or different readings between the cylinders you definitely have a problem.
You mention inspecting the air filter :/ if it's an original paper filter I don't even bother looking at them if the bike is not running right and you don't know when it was replaced, just replace it, it's a consumable part.
Arrow exhaust is aftermarket for sure. I think your bike is old enough that it never had a catalytic converter or O2 sensors or anything like that to deal with.
... I've seen bikes that required modifications to the airbox intake when a less restrictive exhaust was fitted, you might want to see if that is a thing or not.
The compression test sounds simple enough to do from how you explained it. I will try that once I get a gauge. My bike uses the CR9E, which I think has a 10mm thread, so would I get a kit with the 10mm adapter?
The air filter is one of those reusable K&N filters. I can try getting a new paper filter if that might help.
If the catalytic converter or O2 sensor is for the California air quality thing, my friend thinks it might already be modified from a previous owner.
The exhaust doesn't matter. It won't effect the starting unless it's clogged.
Boosting from a running car is a red herring. The electrical pixies don't know or care if the car is running or not
Is the thing coded?
By the sounds of what you are saying I'd be looking at fuel pressure.
When you say coded, do you mean the error codes that show up on the dash by shorting one of the plugs? If so, then yes. I think it was just c00 though, which means no defective part.
I will investigate on how to measure the fuel pressure.
I'm guessing insufficient voltage at start - unlikely both your batteries are nfg but its possible.
Go through the harness looking for fuzzy or uncoupled connectors, coat everything with dielectric grease when you reassemble.
Haha, that would certainly be really bad luck if both batteries were bad... worse yet, the CT battery was replaced twice through warranty before getting the Yuasa battery, so it's actually more like 4 batteries.
I've done a rough inspection of the connectors and don't see anything that looks uncoupled so far. But I'll check some more, especially once I get a multi-meter. I also feel like a loss in voltage is a pretty likely cause, considering how easy it is to start with a bigger battery.
Also, in response to an earlier question on whether I can start the bike using just the car battery without the car running, it looks like I am able to do that after all. Also for some reason, the bike was also happy to start with its own battery when I tried today.